k'ekchî grammar continued 4...
PAST PARTICIPLE VERB FORM
To form the Passive Voice in K'ekchi, a unique Past Participle verb form is needed. It is derived from the Infinitive form of verbs but it has some implications as to the case in which it is used.
Each verb in the Participle may show 2 variations according to wether the inflexion is possible or likely for that verb and the concerning case. Thus, as a general rule, verbs ending with -ok or -uk should be replaced by -ê or -man. For the Continuous and Future tenses, the replaced ending should be -eĉ. 
List of K'ekchi Infinitive Verbs.
Examples: tzolok - tzolê / tzolman; c'uluk - c'ulê / c'ulman; rumuk - rumê; quemok - quemê; pejok - pejê - pejman.
Furthermore, verbs whose ending is vowel + nk, they duplicate the vowel and lose the n. This rule also applies for the Continuous tenses.
Examples: anabānk - anabaak; cubsiink - cubsiik / cubsiman; numsiink - numsiik / numsiman; jilosīnk - jilosiik / jilosiman; mesuunk - mesuuk / mesuman;
Created by George Max, June 26, 2010. Last date modified: October 19, 2010.
PASSIVE VOICE
The passive voice In K'ekchi can be expressed in the present, past and future tenses as well as the continuous and perfect tenses. Below is a table showing the grammatical order to form the Passive Voice in K'ekchi. Note that the Unique Past Participle verb form is derived from the Infinitive and is different from the verb form used for the Indicative and Conjunctive.
| TENSE | ACTIVE VOICE | PERSONAL PREFIX | PAST PARTICIPLE VERB FORM |
| Present | basok | in, inkat, na, etc. | basê / basman |
| Present Continuous | chi basok | tyokin, tyokat, tyo, etc. | chi baseĉ |
| Past | basok | shin, shat, ish, etc. | basê / basman |
| Past Continuous | raj chi basok | tyokin, tyokat, tyo, etc. | raj chi baseĉ |
| Present Perfect | ac + PREFIX + V | ac in, inkat, na, etc. | cutê / cutman |
| Future | cutuk | tin, tat, ta, etc. | cuteq |
| Modal | ruuk + c'amok | ru + in, inkat, na, etc. | c'amê |
Created by George Max, June 26, 2010. Last date modified: October 19, 2010.
EXAMPLES
Following are examples of the Passive Voice in K'ekchi. Each tense is represented according to an English classification of the Passive.
| TENSE | K'EKCHI (A - ACTIVE VOICE, V PASSIVE VOICE) | ENGLISH |
| Present | A: Li Coc'al enke tzolok sâ Tzolebāl. | Children study at school. |
| P: Li Coc'al enke tzolman sâ Tzolebāl. | Children are taught at school. | |
| Present Continuous | A: Tyokheb chi ajlaank Tumin. | They are counting money. |
| P: Tumin tyo chi ajlaak. | Money is being counted. | |
| Past | A: Aj Luis ish c'am chak li Ixim. | Luis brought the corn. |
| P: Li Ixim ish c'amê chak b'an aj Luis. | The corn was brought by Luis. | |
| Past Continuous | A: Lao tyoko raj chi ajlaank Hal. | We were counting corn cobs. |
| P: Hal tyo raj chi ajlaak. | Corn cobs were being counted. | |
| Present Perfect | A: Lao ac sho c'atok nabal Pim. | We have burned a lot of weed. |
| P: Nabal Pim ac ishc'atê. | A lot of weed has been burned. | |
| Future | A: Tesh tyib junak chic Be. | They will build another road. |
| P: Junak chic Be ta tyibaaq. | Another road will be built. | |
| Modal | A: Na ru inka tyib a Ochoch sâ Tenamit. | You can build your house in the city. |
| P: Ochoch na tyibman sâ Tenamit. | Houses are built in the city. |
Created by George Max, June 26, 2010. Last date modified: October 19, 2010.
© George Max, Translator and Linguist, 2009, 2010. All rights reserved. Guatemala, Middle America.